Formaldehyde in hair straightening products: Rapid1H NMR determination and risk assessment

Autor:	Gerd Mildau, Andrea Keck-Wilhelm, Christopher Tschiersch, Thomas Kuballa, Dirk W. Lachenmeier, Yulia B. Monakhova, Evamaria Kratz
Rok vydání:	2013
Předmět:	Aging Validation study Chromatography Formaldehyde Analytical chemistry Pharmaceutical Science Dermatology Dilution chemistry.chemical_compound Colloid and Surface Chemistry chemistry Chemistry (miscellaneous) Methanediol Drug Discovery Proton NMR Sample preparation Hair straightening Alkaline hydrolysis
Zdroj:	International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 35:201-206
ISSN:	0142-5463
DOI:	10.1111/ics.12027
Popis:	Despite official regulations, the illegal use of formaldehyde-containing or releasing hair straightening products has become a popular practice in Europe and high contents of formaldehyde in such products have been reported. In this study, a methodology utilizing (1)H NMR spectroscopy has been developed to measure the concentration of formaldehyde in hair straightening products. For sample preparation, a dilution and alkaline hydrolysis is required. The total formaldehyde content can then be quantified by a distinct peak of the CH2 group of the methanediol molecule in the δ4.84-4.82 ppm range. The developed methodology was applied for the analysis of 10 hair straightening products. Seven of these products contained detectable amounts of formaldehyde that were higher than the maximum allowed concentration of 0.2%. The formaldehyde content of these products was found to be in the range 0.42-5.83% with an average concentration of 1.46%. The accuracy and reliability of the NMR results were confirmed by the EU reference photometric method. The air formaldehyde concentrations after application of hair straightening products were estimated in ranges 20-423 ppm and 1-18 ppm (for 1 and 24 m(3) salon volume). A probabilistic exposure estimation using Monte Carlo simulation found the average formaldehyde concentration to be 6 ppm (standard deviation 15 ppm). All exposure scenarios considerably exceeded the safe level of 0.1 ppm. Our findings confirmed that the risk of cosmetic formulations with formaldehyde above 0.2% is not negligible, as these products may facilitate considerable exposure of formaldehyde for consumers especially for salon workers.
Databáze:	OpenAIRE
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