| Popis: |
In this chapter, the combination of ultrasound and other physical enhancers, such as injections, electroporation, microneedles, and microdermabrasion, as well as the simultaneous use of low-frequency and high-frequency ultrasound, for enhanced transdermal delivery applications, is discussed. Although the field of sonophoresis is over 70 years old, there are surprisingly few reported studies aimed at combining ultrasound with other physical enhancers, except for iontophoresis. Further, many of the studies have been conducted in a proof-of-concept manner, with emphasis on the feasibility of the underlying idea, but with limited mechanistic discussion. In other words, the underlying fundamental interactions between ultrasound and other physical enhancers are not well understood, which provides an interesting area of potential future research. |
