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Stress and anxiety and their relationship to temporo-mandibular-joint (TMJ)-dysfunction pain syndrome has been subject to much research and controversy in recent years. According to Solberg et al. (1981) stress and anxiety lead to an increase of muscle tension in temporo-mandibular muscles. This physiological reaction can result in temporo-mandibu- lar joint pain and dysfunction like occlusional dysfunction, displacement of the disc, bruxism and athrosis (Curran et al, 1996; Jager et al, 1987; Oakley et al, 1993; Ramfjord, 1961). Therefore stress and anxiety deserve emphasis as a significant underlying cause of TMJ-dysfunction, which has been investigated by a number of studies. Many of them evaluated connections between psychological tests or psychiatric rating scales (e.g. MMPI, Hopkins Symptoms Check List, etc.) on one side, TMJ disorders on the other (Carlson et al, 1993; Stockstill and Callahan, 1991). |
