Platinum∗
| Autor: | Tiina Santonen, Antero Aitio, Mirja Kiilunen |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2015 |
| Předmět: |
Cisplatin
endocrine system diseases Ligand chemistry.chemical_element Environmental exposure Platinum nanoparticles Combinatorial chemistry female genital diseases and pregnancy complications Catalysis Metal medicine.anatomical_structure chemistry visual_art visual_art.visual_art_medium medicine Platinum Sensitization medicine.drug |
| DOI: | 10.1016/b978-0-444-59453-2.00050-0 |
| Popis: | Commercial sources of platinum are sulfide and arsenide minerals and, increasingly, recycled platinum. The main source of platinum in the environment is release from vehicle catalysts, and platinum concentrations near highways and urban areas have gradually increased. In occupational exposure, the form of platinum is mainly coordination complexes, most often with chlorine as a ligand, whereas the platinum released from automotive catalysts is metallic or oxidic. The acute toxicity of platinum compounds depends mainly on their solubility, with soluble platinum salts being more toxic than compounds with lower solubility, such as oxides. Chloroplatinates are irritating to the eyes and skin. The main health effect of platinum compounds is sensitization. Platinum salt sensitivity is manifested as conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and asthma. The allergenic potency of platinum compounds seems to be limited to coordination complexes containing halogen ligands as leaving groups, with hexa- and tetrachloroplatinates being the most potent sensitizers. Neutral coordination complexes such as diamminedichloroplatinum do not seem to be allergenic. Bromine and iodine analogs of platinates may cause sensitization but seem to be less potent. The mechanism of platinum salt allergy is likely to be type 1 (i.e. involves immunoglobulin E). Atopic constitution is not associated with susceptibility to platinum sensitization. Smokers have a higher risk of platinum sensitization. No health effects from environmental exposure to platinum have been reported. With the exception of platinum-containing chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum), no relevant human or experimental data are available on the potential carcinogenicity or teratogenicity of platinum compounds. Cisplatin and other platinum-containing chemotherapeutic drugs are genotoxic in a variety of test systems, and other platinum compounds have even induced mutations in vitro (but not in vivo). Limited data are available on the toxicity of platinum nanoparticles despite their increasing use in different applications. Platinum compounds used as anticancer drugs such as cisplatin and its analogs are not covered in detail in this chapter; they are discussed only when it is informative with respect to structure-activity relationships. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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