| Popis: |
The planning for all four neighborhoods began in the mid- to late 1990s, approximately fifteen years ago. This time gap begs the question as to why it has taken so long for the lessons learned to find their way into new developments. The answer is complicated. Three of the four were developed in the context of major international events—the European Millenium Housing Exposition (Bo01), an Olympic bid (Hammarby Sjostad), the EXPO 2000 World Exposition (Kronsberg)—and the fourth was part of a city with visionary environmental goals (Vauban). These special circumstances inspired efforts to explore new, exemplary development practices, to depart from business as usual, to create demonstrations of a more sustainable and livable urban future. All four neighborhoods received considerable seed funding from their host cities, their federal governments, and the European Union to defray the added cost of initiating a more integrated, interagency, and interdisciplinary professional development process. It is this additional funding that made it possible to explore new alternatives, to overcome what Lord Nicholas Stern has described as the inertia, risk aversion, and incentives in current development practices. Most development projects do not have access to special seed funding, nor are they conceived with international expectations of innovation and change. |
