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Bioethanol is a biodegradable and high-octane motor fuel derived from cellulosic matter present in plants. Bioethanol production using biomass of second-generation plant lignocellulosic material as a substrate is promising for a pollution-free environment. The most rich, inexpensive, and renewable energy resources for producing bioethanol are the plant biomass of lignocellulosic material. Lignocellulose from second-generation biomass for bioethanol production requires pretreatment using physicochemical, mechanical, chemical, and biological methods. Pretreatment reduces the complex nature of structures into simple monomers and then changes them into bioethanol using ethanol-producing microorganisms. Pretreatment is required mainly to enhance the digestibility of cellulose by increasing enzyme accessibility. The complex nature and ultrastructure of lignocellulosic second-generation biomass involve the linear glucose molecule, which is tightly bounded by the lignin molecule, preventing accessibility of the glucose molecule. Pretreatment removes the lignin molecule and provides access to accessibility of this glucose molecule for ethanol production. To maximize the positive potential of biofuels and minimize their negative impact, proper deployment of a consistent scientific framework is required. Lignocellulosic materials are composed of different types, based on the pretreatment process and conditions that are selected for hydrolysis. This chapter discusses pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic material that optimize ethanol production and the economic perspective of pretreatment. |
