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Publisher Summary A number of important advances in the understanding and prevention of childhood aggression have emerged in the past. The understanding of the causes of aggression has shifted from general theories of aggression, which emphasized nature versus nurture, to integrated theories of development that emphasize the multiple predictors of aggression and how they interact across contexts and over time from conception onward. Rather than contrast nature versus nurture, the focus has shifted to the complex interplay between innate and learned contributions to aggression. From a developmental perspective, children are seen as possessing certain individual propensities and temperamental risk that can escalate or decrease over time as a function of contextual influences and how they unfold. This individual risk is evident from an early age and certainly by elementary school when characteristic patterns of aggression emerge. Not only contextual risk can exacerbate the effects of individual risk, for instance the interaction of difficult child temperament and ineffective parenting, but the environmental contingencies also determine the adaptive value of aggression in a given setting. |
