Phosphatic waste clay: Origin, composition, physicochemical properties, challenges, values and possible remedies – A review
Autor: | Qingqing Huang, Amir Eskanlou |
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Rok vydání: | 2021 |
Předmět: |
Physicochemical Processes
Waste management Mechanical Engineering 02 engineering and technology General Chemistry 010501 environmental sciences Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology 01 natural sciences Industrial waste 020501 mining & metallurgy Characterization (materials science) 0205 materials engineering Phosphorite Leaching (chemistry) Control and Systems Engineering Operational costs Froth flotation 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Gravity separation |
Zdroj: | Minerals Engineering. 162:106745 |
ISSN: | 0892-6875 |
Popis: | The daily growing demand for critical materials has further highlighted the importance of secondary sources such as industrial waste streams. Waste clay, a phosphate ore process tailing, contains a remarkable amount of critical materials such as P and REEs so that comparing to different phosphate ore process streams, waste clay presents the highest concentration of REEs after phosphate rock. Due to the enormous volume of this waste accumulated in Florida to date, this reserve can satisfy a great portion of U.S. domestic demand for REEs, as an example. However, due to its troublesome nature, this reserve poses severe environmental problems along with economic loss. Two required attempts are the removal of extremely fine-sized clays, followed by the recovery of phosphate content, which can pave the path for the recovery of REE-bearing phases. Different possible remedies or combination of them have been considered by various research/ industrial trials, including froth flotation, selective-flocculation, floc-flotation, cycloning, gravity separation, magnetic separation, leaching, etc., most of which have shown no promising solution because of failing to address economic and of course environmental concerns. Moving from mostly chemical separation processes to the primarily physical/ physicochemical processes with low operational costs and environmental impacts could be a general solution. This requires detailed mineralogical and elemental characterization, physicochemical, rheological, electrochemistry, surface chemistry, crystal chemistry, solution chemistry, and quantum chemistry investigations on each single and then mixed-phase systems composing waste clay. Such insights can help develop the fundamental knowledge, upon which more versatile and efficient solutions can be established. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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