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Metal nanoparticles (MNs) are the center of attention in different branches of applied sciences as they have unique features in comparison with bulk ones. They are very effective, low cost and stable antibacterial agents which resisting them requires many mutations. Metal nanoparticles first anchor to the bacterial cell wall and interact with thiol and phosphorus groups of respiratory enzymes resulting in their inactivation. These nanostructures can penetrate into the cell via various mechanisms that distort cell integrity leading to cell content leakage followed with weakening of proton motive force functioning and inhibition of ATP synthesis. After penetration, MNs implement denaturation in DNA and RNA molecular structures hinder cellular replication, transcription and translation mechanisms. Metal nanoparticles induce ROS generation which has a detrimental effect on cell viability. Beside, sum of these effects and mechanisms may lead to inhibition of bacterial cell division, cell disruption and the decline of bacterial populations. |
