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Biorefineries are facilities that convert biological materials (biomass) from living or dead organisms into fuels, energy, chemicals, and materials. This technology is still in the nascent state with most second-generation biorefinery plants only expected to be ready for large-scale commercial production in a few years from now. Prior to the biorefining conversion process, a selection of appropriate biomass pretreatment methods will significantly improve the biorefining process efficiency and the biomass conversion costs. A relative challenge in this area lies in the development of more efficient and robust enzymes, particularly for the conversion of lignocellulosic material from a variety of feedstock. The development of new enzyme and catalyst technology, densification techniques, and metabolic pathways will allow feedstock processing to become more efficient and economical. Several players have already emerged in this area like DuPont, Novozymes, etc. This chapter will discuss in detail the choice of different enzymes for various feedstock pretreatments and the development of new enzymes in order to make the whole biorefinery conversion process more efficient and economical. |
