| Popis: |
Some researchers claim that intonation can be used to express specific emotion while others argue against the existence of emotion specific intonation patterns. In addition, languages differ in their use of intonation pattern to deliver similar emotion, and that L2 learners have the tendency to use L1 knowledge to produce intonation. Previous research shows that a falling successive addition boundary tone was used to express “disgust” or “anger” while a rising successive addition tone was used to convey “surprise” and “happy” emotions in Mandarin. In this study, we compare intonation patterns used to express five emotions: anger, disgust, surprise, joy, and neutral by 10 Mandarin and 10 English speakers in 1, 2, or 5-word utterances in English. Mandarin speakers were also asked to produce all 5 emotions in 1, 2 and 5-word utterances in Mandarin. Preliminary analyses from one Mandarin speaker showed that mean F0 of utterances produced with different emotions are significantly different in all three utterance lengths in both Mandarin and English. Inconsistent with previous research, a “falling” successive addition tone is used in all five emotions in Mandarin and in four emotions, except disgust, in English. |
