| Popis: |
Chemicals used daily in households, workstations, or urban environments end up being transported in water, either in municipal wastewater or runoff from highways, urban parks, and gardens. Domestic wastewater is contaminated with detergents, products for personal care, chemicals such as plastic or flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, and their metabolites. These chemicals have also been called micro-pollutants and have been scientifically detected throughout the world in several water bodies. Micro-pollutants are commonly found in concentrations that are much lower. The route by which contaminants accumulate may have serious implications for hazard assessment. The majority of interesting contaminants are highly hydrophobic, resulting in significant bioconcentration due to the rapid flow from water to the lipids of animals. Routes of accumulation at one trophic level can have a major impact on the contaminants that subsequently pass through the rest of the food chain. Micro-pollutants are a serious concern in surface waters, since surface water is normally provided to treatment plants for drinking water. Various techniques and processes are used to remove micro-pollutants from water to achieve drinking water standards, especially advanced oxidation processes. Effective water contamination mitigation strategies are increasingly needed because usage of industrial chemicals and the demand for safe water are gradually increasing. These strategies are intended to focus on cost-effective and efficient methods of treating existing contamination. |
