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Purpose. The first objective was to study the in vitro myotoxicity of empty liposomes and to examine whether liposome size, charge and fluidity affect liposome myotoxicity. The second objective was to investigate the effect of liposomal encapsulation on the in vitro and in vivo myotoxicity of loxapine compared to the loxapine commercial preparation (Loxitane®). Methods. The in vitro myotoxicity of empty liposomes and loxapine liposomes was evaluated by the cumulative efflux of the cytosolic enzyme creatine kinase (CK) from the isolated rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle over a 2 hour period. In the in vivo studies, the area under plasma CK curve over 12 hours was used to evaluate muscle damage. Results. The in vitro myotoxicity for all empty liposomal formulations was not statistically different from negative controls (untreated control muscles and normal saline injected muscles). However, these empty liposomal formulations were significantly less myotoxic than the positive controls (muscles injected with phenytoin and muscle sliced in half). In vitro-in vivo studies showed that the liposomal encapsulation of loxapine resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reduction in myotoxicity (80% in vitro and 60% in vivo) compared to the commercially available formulation which contains propylene glycol (70% V/V) and polysor-bate 80 (5% W/V) prepared at equal concentration. Conclusions. Results indicate that empty liposomes do not induce myotoxicity. Furthermore, liposomal size, charge and fluidity do not affect myotoxicity. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that liposomal encapsulation of loxapine can reduce myotoxicity compared to a formulation containing organic cosolvents. |
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