Archeological optics: the very first known mirrors and lenses

Autor:	Jay M. Enoch
Rok vydání:	2007
Předmět:	Lens (optics) Eastern mediterranean History Optics law business.industry Crystalline materials China business Archaeology Atomic and Molecular Physics and Optics law.invention Stone Age
Zdroj:	Journal of Modern Optics. 54:1221-1239
ISSN:	1362-3044 0950-0340
DOI:	10.1080/09500340600855106
Popis:	The primary objective of the paper is to review histories of early known mirrors and lenses. Squinting/pinholes/slit apertures provided initial visual enhancements; quiet pools of water served as early mirrors. Manufactured mirrors appeared during the Stone Age 8000 years ago in Catal Hoyuk in Anatolia within modern Turkey. The next generation mirrors were Mesopotamian and Egyptian. Oldest lenses, extraordinary in quality and complexity with built-in illusion, were in use in Egypt 4575 years ago. Simpler lens forms appeared between 3932(?)–3500 years ago, probably in the Levant/Eastern Mediterranean basin. The main outcomes are: (1) civilized societies had mirrors by about 4000 years ago, including China, India (e.g. Lothal) and New World societies. (2) Siberia and China had different mirror designs than Western areas. (3) Only crystalline materials were used in New World mirrors. (4) The author located an Egyptian lens in Boston having original lens design, this extended this lens' utilization by ca. 800...
Databáze:	OpenAIRE
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