| Popis: |
Nitrogen (N2) stimulation has become the preferred technique for stimulation of coal seams in the Horseshoe Canyon play in Alberta. It consists of stimulating each seam by pumping at very high rates for short time (2-4 mins). Because the coal is producible at shallow depths, ERCB has been developing and updating regulatory guidelines that aim to protect the freshwater supply. This study was undertaken to improve the understanding of the process and provide recommendations on the regulatory guidelines for shallow depth (less than 200 m). The study was provided with extensive data from the industry (over 20,000 fractures in over 2000 wells) and has carried out several types of analyses in order to estimate fracture orientation and dimensions, and their dependence on N2 injection rate, duration and reservoir parameters. This included statistical analysis of large amounts of surface pressure data, pressure transient analysis of downhole pressure data, analysis of fracture mapping data, and conceptual simulations of the injection process using coupled reservoir and geomechanical models. Coupled geomechanical modeling provided realistic physical model of the process (in contrast to conventional models). Stress dependence of coal permeability and permeability anisotropy were shown to be the controlling mechanisms. This model was then used to investigate height growth mechanisms. After considering the results of the analysis, its limitations, uncertainties in geological description of the coal and shale sequences, available case histories, and other factors, recommendations were made for modifications of the ERCB Shallow fracturing Directive 27. |
