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Transvenous cardiac leads are a key element of implanted pacing and defibrillation systems, providing the electrical connection between a programmable generator and the heart. Along their pathway, these thin flexible structures are subjected to cyclic in-vivo motion and deformation resulting from patient cardiac contraction, respiration, and arm motion. Medical imaging techniques such as biplane fluoroscopy have shown the in-vivo deformation to be primarily unidirectional cyclic bending.1,2Copyright © 2010 by ASME |
