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Freshwater turtle hatchlings primarily use visual cues for orientation while dispersing from nests; however, hatchlings rapidly develop a relationship between a sun or geomagnetic compass and a dispersal target that allows them to maintain an established direction of movement when target habitats are not visible. We examined dispersal patterns of hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) dispersing in large arenas in a mowed field and in dense corn. The dispersal of three categories of hatchlings were examined: (1) naive individuals (no previous dispersal experience), (2) arena-experienced (limited dispersal experience in arenas in natural habitat), and (3) natural-experienced hatchling Blanding's turtles (captured after extensive experience dispersing W in natural habitats toward wetlands). Experienced hatchlings were assigned to treatments consisting of having a magnet or a non-magnetic aluminum sham or nothing glued to their anterior carapace before release in the corn arena. Dispersal patterns of naive hatchlings of both species were strongly directional in the field arena with visible target horizons and primarily random in the corn arena where typical target horizons were blocked. When released in corn, dispersal patterns were similar for arena-experienced hatchlings with magnets or shams attached and differed from their prior dispersal headings in the field arena as naive hatchlings. Natural-experienced hatchling Blanding's turtles with and without magnets were able to accurately maintain their prior headings to the WNW while dispersing in the field or corn arenas (i.e., the presence of a magnet did not disrupt their ability to maintain their prior heading). Based on the assumption that no other type of compass exists in hatchlings, we conclude that they were not using a geomagnetic compass, but by default were using sun compass orientation to maintain dispersal headings in dense corn where no typical target habitats were visible. |
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