| Popis: |
The Kapok Field is located some 37 miles southeast of the island of Trinidad, and consists of three separate offshore gas discoveries: namely Sparrow, Renegade and Parang (Fig. 1). Following discovery, four appraisal wells were drilled into the structures in the late 90s to test areas where seismic images were masked by shallow gas. The wells confirmed the presence of gas condensate and minor oil in a total of 18 sands. The development of the Kapok field presents some unique challenges for Trinidad with comparatively shallow multiple stacked pay, aerially extensive reservoirs, relatively thin columns underlain by large aquifers, and poor seismic imaging caused by shallow gas. To address these challenges a multidisciplinary reservoir description and stochastic modelling study was conducted to improve understanding of water behaviour - the key reservoir risk - and to plan optimum locations for the field development wells. The integrated workflow for the project incorporated seismic mapping, 3D structural modelling, the use of detailed core descriptions and field analogues, as well as both full field and single sand reservoir simulation. The development of Kapok will be implemented in two phases: Phase I will develop the reserves associated with Sparrow and Renegade, Phase II will target Parang. Phase I calls for 16 high angle/horizontal, openhole gravel packed wells and the installation of a new 20 slot normally unmanned, remotely operated platform. The wells, some capable of delivering 200+ Mmcfd, will initially deliver 1 bcfd for processing on the new Cassia ‘B’ Central Processing Unit (CPU), prior to delivery into the 48in Bombax pipeline and transportation to the Trinidad mainland. The Cassia ‘B’ CPU will have the capability of processing 1.6 bcfd of gas, 50 Mstbd of crude/condensate and 25 Mstbd of water from the existing Cassia, Immortelle and Flamboyant fields, as well as from Kapok and any future developments in the area. The CPU will be one of the largest offshore processing units in the world. With the Kapok platform and the Cassia Hub, BP is working to promote overall safety and environmental standards within Trinidad, with re-injection of produced water and drill cuttings disposal forming part of the enhanced environmental measures. |
