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Publisher Summary This chapter describes the immature scale insects of family Coccidae. For diagnostic purposes, the characters discussed for each of the developmental stages present the usual features as they are most commonly seen in the instar being described. Both general appearance and characteristics of slide mounted specimens are discussed for the first and second instars. For the third and fourth instars, only a discussion of the general morphology is presented, as descriptive information is available in only a few species for these developmental stages. Study of the immature stages is in its infancy, and one should keep in mind that variations to other character states are likely to exist. The illustrations presented in this chapter is of the bisexual woolly pine scale, Pseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell, and of the parthenogenetic pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell), are provided as representing two patterns of development—that is, P. quaintanciiin in which a reduction in the size of both the antennae and legs is seen with the development of the nymphs. |
