Status of geothermal energy amongst the world's energy sources
| Autor: | Ingvar Birgir Fridleifsson |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2003 |
| Předmět: |
Engineering
Primary energy Waste management Renewable Energy Sustainability and the Environment business.industry Geothermal energy Photovoltaic system Fossil fuel Environmental engineering Geology Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Renewable energy Energy development Electricity generation business Energy source |
| Zdroj: | Geothermics. 32:379-388 |
| ISSN: | 0375-6505 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.geothermics.2003.07.004 |
| Popis: | The world primary energy consumption is about 400 EJ/year, mostly provided by fossil fuels (80%). The renewables collectively provide 14% of the primary energy, in the form of traditional biomass (10%), large (>10 MW) hydropower stations (2%), and the “new renewables” (2%). Nuclear energy provides 6%. The World Energy Council expects the world primary energy consumption to have grown by 50–275% in 2050, depending on different scenarios. The renewable energy sources are expected to provide 20–40% of the primary energy in 2050 and 30–80% in 2100. The technical potential of the renewables is estimated at 7600 EJ/year, and thus certainly sufficiently large to meet future world energy requirements. Of the total electricity production from renewables of 2826 TWh in 1998, 92% came from hydropower, 5.5% from biomass, 1.6% from geothermal and 0.6% from wind. Solar electricity contributed 0.05% and tidal 0.02%. The electricity cost is 2–10 US¢/kWh for geothermal and hydro, 5–13 US¢/kWh for wind, 5–15 US¢/kWh for biomass, 25–125 US¢/kWh for solar photovoltaic and 12–18 US¢/kWh for solar thermal electricity. Biomass constitutes 93% of the total direct heat production from renewables, geothermal 5%, and solar heating 2%. Heat production from renewables is commercially competitive with conventional energy sources. Direct heat from biomass costs 1–5 US¢/kWh, geothermal 0.5–5 US¢/kWh, and solar heating 3–20 US¢/kWh. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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