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This study aims to establish a model that enables the development of private higher education (PHE) in Vietnam. Such a model must reflect the most relevant factors that impact the establishment and growth of the sector. To determine these, the study utilises two different and distinct approaches to those used by earlier researchers. Firstly, a different conceptual and theoretical approach was developed, consisting of three dimensions, which (1) employs three analytical levels, namely, macro, meso and micro levels; (2) combines Neo-Institutional Theory and Resource Dependence Theory, resulting in three institutional factors, namely institutional isomorphisms, logics and actors; and (3) focuses on three crucial aspects regarding the development of PHE, namely governance, finance and quality assurance. Secondly, a comparative approach was adopted to compare factors and the effect of these factors in enabling and supporting the development of PHE in Korea, China and Vietnam. Guided by this framework, data was collected from the selected cases of a private HE institution of the three countries, using documents and interviews as the major sources. The data reveals the impact of the three institutional factors on enabling and constraining the development of PHE in the three countries, despite the significant differences in PHE practices at both macro and meso levels in governance, finance and quality assurance. In addition, this study highlights the role of actors in shaping the development of PHE and offers critical insights to explain the differences in actors’ agentic behaviours. Consequently, the research concludes a series of implications for developing a more effective model that encourages PHE to grow, focusing on facilitating actors at the macro and meso levels to achieve agreement of the aims, goals, functions and roles of PHE based on a thorough understanding of the internal and external environments. This study offers an in-depth and comparative analysis of the PHE sector in the three countries, thereby significantly contributing to the scholarly understanding of the field of HE. In addition, this study also provides both theoretical and empirical implications for the better application of Neo-Institutional Theory in the field of HE. Finally, research findings and the relevant implications generated in this study are important for the future establishment of strategies and policies to guide the development of PHE in Vientam. |
