| Popis: |
Most of the extracellular stimulus arrive to the cell membrane result with the increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i. Because of the huge Ca2+ concentration differences between the cytoplasm ( and #8776;10-7 M) and extracellular fluid and endoplasmic reticulum (ER - which is the major Ca2+ storage organelle in especially non electrically excitable cells) ( and #8776;10-3 M), a large electro-chemical gradient repel Ca2+ to the plasma or ER. Therefore a signal which temporarily opens Ca2+ channels, induce a fast influx of Ca2+ through the cytosol and increase the its concentration about 10-20 fold. At this organization free Ca2+ functions as a intracellular signalling molecule and a second messenger. In this way many intracellular signalling proteins activated and cellular functions like gene expression, secretion, cell proliferation and division, apoptosis, and also myocyte contraction, endocrine cell degranulation and neuronal transmission are regulated. Thus, the key role of Ca2+ in many intracellular process, makes the dynamic measurements necessary for an understanding of the signalling mechanisms. Fluorescence imaging techniques make possible of monitoring the spatiotemporal Ca2+ response patterns in cytoplasm. In the last decades, especially their ease of loading, and minimum manipulations to the cell homeostasis, make these techniques unique with respect to the other methods. [Archives Medical Review Journal 2016; 25(3.000): 319-334] |
