Physiotherapy approach after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Autor: Srnec, Maja
Přispěvatelé: Filipec, Manuela
Jazyk: chorvatština
Rok vydání: 2022
Předmět:
Popis: U ljudskom tijelu, zglob koljena predstavlja najveći i najkomplaeksniji zglob, upravo zbog toga skoln je čestom ozljeđivanju. Važno je da koljeno ima zdravu funkciju, ispravan oblik te položaj kostiju, razvijenu muskulaturu te snažne ligamenta. Ako postoji bilo kakva disproporcija između snage koljen i opterećenja, dolazi do popuštanja ligamenta te samim time do nastanka ozljede. Postoji mnogo različitih vrsta ozljede koljena, no najčešća je povreda koja uključuje djelomičnu ili potpunu rupturu prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Do ozljede može doći na različite načine, no najčešće dolazi uslijed neke sportke aktivnosti pri kojoj dolazi do hiperekstenzije koljena ili krivog doskoka na nogu prilikom čega se začuje prasak i osijeti se nastabilnost u zglobu. Potrebno je po nastanku ozljede dijagnosticirati stanje, Lachmanovim testom koji je ujedno zlatni standard u dijagnostici zbog svoje točnosti i osijetljivosti, te nakon toga odrediti način liječenja koje se dijeli na konzervativno ili operativnom. Odabir konzervativnog liječenja je kod stanja koje ne zahtijevaju operativno liječenje, primjerice kod nategnuća ligamenta ili manje dijelomične rupture ili jednostavno kod pacijenata koji ne žele operativno liječenje. U odabiru takvog liječenje provodi se niz fizioterapijskih intervencija koje uključuju smanjivanje otekline te jačanje muskulature natkoljenice kako bi se postigla optimalna stabilizacija koljena. Kada se radi o operativnom liječenju, potrebna je preoperativna rehabilitacija s ciljem postizanja boljeg općeg stanja koje ukljućuje snaženje muskulature, smanjenje otekline i boli kako bi se pospiješio postoperativni oporavak. Artroskopska metoda rekonstrukcije prednjeg križnog ligamenta predstavlja standard u operativnom liječenju. Odabire se najpouzadaniji presadak, zamijenjuje se sa puknutim LCA te slijedi dugotrajan proces rehabilitacije. Sa razvojem medicine došlo je i do razvoja u rehabilitacijskim protokolima. Potiče se rani početak opterečivanja koljena sa dobro isplaniranim programom. Provode se brojne fizioterapijske intervencije koje ukljućuju statičke i dinamičke vježbe u različitim položajima s opterećenjem ili bez, vježbe za propriocepciju i ravnotežu s ciljem vraćanja optimalnog funkcionalnog statusa koljena. Proces rehabilitacije nakon rekonstrukcije LCA može trajati i do 6 mjeseca prije povratka prijašnjim sportskim aktivnostima. Provodi se 6 tjedana medicinske rehabilitacije nakon koje kreće sportska. Važna je provedba dobre individalne komunikacije kako bi se proces prilagodio pacijentovim željama i potrebama. Nakon dobro odrađenog procesa rehabilitacije pacijent se vraća svojim starim aktivnostima bez straha od nastanka ponovne ozljede, bolova u koljenu ili otekline te sa dobrom stabilizacijom koljenskog zgloba. In the human body, the knee joint is the largest and most complex joint, which is precisely why it is prone to frequent injuries. It is important that the knee has a healthy function, the correct shape and position of the bones, developed musculature and strong ligaments. If there is any disproportion between the strength of the knee and the load, the ligament loosens and thus an injury occurs. There are many different types of knee injuries, but the most common is an injury that involves a partial or complete rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. The injury can occur in different ways, but most often it occurs as a result of some sports activity, during which there is a hyperextension of the knee or a wrong landing on the leg, during which a crack is heard and instability is felt in the joint. After the occurrence of the injury, it is necessary to diagnose the condition with the Lachman test, which is also the gold standard in diagnostics due to its accuracy and sensitivity, and then determine the method of treatment, which can be conservative or operative. The choice of curative treatment is for conditions that do not require operative treatment, for example in the case of ligament strain or minor partial rupture or simply with patients who are not fond of operative treatment. When choosing such a treatment, a series of physiotherapy interventions are carried out, which include reducing the swelling and strengthening the musculature of the upper leg in order to achieve optimal stabilization of the knee. When it comes to operative treatment, preoperative rehabilitation is required with the aim of achieving a better general condition, which includes strengthening the muscles, reducing swelling and pain in order to speed up postoperative recovery. The arthroscopic method of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is the standard in operative treatment. The most reliable graft is selected, replaced with the ruptured LCA, and a long-term rehabilitation process follows. With the development of medicine came the development of rehabilitation protocols. Early initiation of knee loading with a well-planned program is encouraged. Numerous physiotherapy interventions are carried out, which include static and dynamic exercises in various positions with or without load, exercises for proprioception and balance with the aim of restoring the optimal functional status of the knee. The rehabilitation process after LCA reconstruction can last up to 6 months before returning to previous sports activities. 6 weeks of medical rehabilitation are carried out, after which sports begins. It is important to implement good individual communication in order to adapt the process to the patient's wishes and needs. After a well-done rehabilitation process, the patient returns to his old activities without fear of re-injury, knee pain or swelling, and with good stabilization of the knee joint.
Databáze: OpenAIRE