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Klasični Hallov učinak otkrio je Edwin H. Hall krajem 19. stoljeća, dok je kvantni učinak 100 godina kasnije otkrio Klaus von Klitzing. Termin Hallov učinak odnosni se na napon, tzv. Hallov napon, koji se javlja na bočnim stranama vodiča ili poluvodiča kada se kroz uzorak koji je postavljen u magnetsko polje propusti električna struja. Nastali potencijal (Hallov napon) proporcionalan je i električnoj struji i magnetskom polju te obrnuto proporcionalan koncentraciji nosioca naboja i debljini uzorka. Hallovi uređaji nude mogućnost mjerenja širokog raspona magnetskog polja uz veliku preciznost i točnost mjerenja. Što ih uz njihove male dimenzije, jednostavno korištenje, izrazitu robusnosti te nisku cijenu izrade čini izrazito pogodnim za široki spektar primjena u znanosti i tehnologiji. U radu su objašnjene teorijske osnove Hallovog učinka te su prikazane neke njegove mogućnosti primjene kao i neki od načina izrade Hallovih uređaja. The classical Hall effect was discovered by Edwin H. Hall in the late 19th century, while the quantum effect was discovered 100 years later by Klaus von Klitzing. The term Hall effect refers to voltage, the so-called Hall voltage, which occurs on the sides of a conductor or semiconductor when an electric current is passed through a sample placed in a magnetic field. The resulting potential (Hall voltage) is proportional to both the electric current and the magnetic field and inversely proportional to the concentration of the charge carrier and the thickness of the sample. Hall's devices offer the ability to measure a wide range of magnetic fields with great precision and accuracy. With their small size, easy to use, extreme robustness and low cost of manufacture, they are extremely suitable for a wide range of applications of science and technology. The theoretical basics of the Hall effect are explained in the paper and some of its application possibilities are presented as well as some of the ways of making Hall devices. |
