Tick-borne microorganisms

Autor: Kramarić, Laura
Přispěvatelé: Abram, Maja, Ožanič, Mateja, Vučković, Darinka, Tićac, Brigita
Jazyk: chorvatština
Rok vydání: 2022
Předmět:
Popis: Krpelji su hematofagni ektoparaziti koji pripadaju koljenu Artropoda. Razlikuju se tvrdi i meki krpelji. Za prijenos mikroorganizama na ljude na području Europe najznačajniji su tvrdi krpelji iz roda Ixodes. Životni ciklus krpelja sastoji se od četiri stadija: jaje, ličinka, nimfa i odrasla jedinka. Za sazrijevanje krpelja bitan je krvni obrok koji krpelj obavlja na domaćinu. Za vrijeme krvnog obroka krpelj će aspirirati patogeni mikroorganizam te ga dalje prenijeti u svom životnom ciklusu (transstadijski prijenos) ili na nove generacije (transovarijski prijenos). Krpelji roda Ixodes obično u svom životnom ciklusu traže tri različita domaćina za tri krvna obroka (životni ciklus s tri domaćina). U vrijeme koje ne provedu hraneći se na domaćinu, krpelj miruje u prirodi. Krpelji su značajni prenosioci mikroorganizama na ljude. Najznačajnije bolesti su lajmska borelioza i krpeljni meningoencefalitis, međutim prenose i druge bolesti poput rikecioza, tularemije, humane erlihioze i anaplazmoze, babezioze i ostalih. LB s razvojem erythema migrans te KME s razvojem morbus minor koji definiramo kao kratkotrajnu febrilnu bolest i morbus major koja se javlja nakon kratkotrajnog razdoblja afebrilnosti s razvojem neuroloških simptoma, osim kliničkom slikom, potvrđuju se najčešće neizravnim laboratorijskim dijagnostičkim metodama odnosno serologijom. Sezonska pojavnost navedenih bolesti odgovara sezonskim pikovima aktivnosti krpelja u proljeće i jesen iako je navedeno podložno varijacijama ovisno o klimatskim uvjetima u tekućoj godini. Većina će ugriza krpelja proći asimptomatski što zbog toga što ipak nisu svi krpelji zaraženi patogenima, što zbog dobrog imunosnog sustava domaćina. Ipak neki ugrizi rezultirat će razvojem prave kliničke slike bolesti koju je bitno prepoznati i na vrijeme medikamentozno tretirati kako bi se spriječile kasne manifestacije i eventualne komplikacije.
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites belonging to the phylum Arthropoda. There are two groups of ticks: the hard ticks (Ixodidae) and the soft ticks (Argasidae). Hard ticks which belong to the genus Ixodes are the most important for the transmission of tick – borne microorganisms to humans in Europe. The life cycle of a tick consists of four stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. The blood meal that the tick performs on the mammalian host is essential for the maturation of the tick. During the blood meal, the tick will aspirate pathogenic microorganisms and further transfer it to its life cycle (transstadial transmission) or to new generations (transovarial transmission). Ixodes ticks usually look for three different hosts in their life cycle for three blood meals (three hosts life cycle). In times when they are not feeding, the tick rests in nature. Ticks are important vectors of microorganisms in humans. The most important diseases are Lyme borreliosis and Tick-borne meningoencephalitis, but they also transmit other diseases such as rickettsiosis, tularemia, human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, babesiosis and others. LB with the development of EM and KME with the development of morbus minor which defines as short-term febrile illness and morbus major which occurs after a short asymptomatic period with no fever with the development of neurological symptoms. In addition to the clinical picture, the diagnosis is most often confirmed by indirect diagnostic methods, mostly serology. The seasonal incidence of these diseases corresponds to the seasonal peaks of tick activity in spring and autumn, although this phenomenon is subject to susceptible variations depending on the climatic conditions in the current year. Most tick bites will be asymptomatic, because not all ticks are infected with pathogens. Also if a host has a good host immune system, it will easily defend itself from the tick-borne microorganism; yet some bites will result in the development of clinical picture of the disease. It is important to recognize it and treat in time with medication in order to prevent late manifestations and possible complications.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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