Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 × 1017 and 2 × 1018 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory
| Autor: | Aab, A., Bueno Villar, Antonio, Pierre Auger Collaboration |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Zdroj: | Digibug: Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Granada Universidad de Granada (UGR) Digibug. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Granada instname |
| Popis: | The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargue. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Argentina - Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad deMalargue; NDMHoldings andValle Las Lenas; in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia - the Australian Research Council; Brazil - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); Sao Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP) Grants No. 2019/10151-2, No. 2010/07359-6 and No. 1999/05404-3; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC); Czech Republic - Grant No. MSMTCRLTT18004, LO1305, LM2015038 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402; France - Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Regional Ile-de-France; Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) Grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany - Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg; Italy - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); Mexico - Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) No. 167733; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; The Netherlands - Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative; Poland - Ministry of Science and Higher Education, grant No. DIR/WK/2018/11; National Science Centre, Grants No. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, No. 2016/23/B/ST9/01635 and No. HAR-MONIA5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198; Portugal - Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania - Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation CNCS/CCCDI-UESFISCDI, projects PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0839/19PCCDI/2018 and PN18090102 within PNCDI III; Slovenia - Slovenian Research Agency, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, I0-0033, N1-0111; Spain - Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (FPA2017-85114-P and FPA2017-85197-P), Xunta de Galicia ( Portugal - ED431C2017/07), Junta de Andalucia (SOMM17/6104/UGR), Feder Funds, RENATA Red Nacional Tematica de Astroparticulas (FPA2015-68783-REDT) and Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence (MDM-2016-0692); USA -Department of Energy, Contracts No. DE-AC02-07CH11359, No. DE-FR02-04ER41300, No. DE-FG02-99ER41107 and No. r DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696; The Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLAN-ET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; and UNESCO. The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between 2×1017 and 2×1018 eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at 1017.5eV and 1018eV. We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of 38% ±4%(12%) ±21%18% for EPOS-LHC, and of 50%(53%) ±4%(13%) ±23%20% for QGSJetII-04, is respectively needed. Argentina - Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica Argentina - Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT) Argentina - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) Argentina - Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza Argentina - Municipalidad de Malargue Argentina - NDMHoldings Argentina - Valle Las Lenas Australian Research Council National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Brazil - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2019/10151-2 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 Brazil - Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) France - Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) France - Conseil Regional Ile-de-France France - Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS) France - Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) German Research Foundation (DFG) Germany - Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg Germany - Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) Germany - Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) Germany - Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen Germany - Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg Italy - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Italy - Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) Italy - Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) Italy - CETEMPS Center of Excellence Italy - Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE) Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 Mexico - Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) Mexico - PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) SURF Cooperative Poland - Ministry of Science and Higher Education DIR/WK/2018/11 Poland - National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2016/23/B/ST9/01635 HAR-MONIA5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 The Netherlands - Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Portugal - Portuguese national funds Portugal - FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) Romania - Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation CNCS/CCCDI-UESFISCDI within PNCDI III PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0839/19PCCDI/2018 PN18090102 Slovenia - Slovenian Research Agency P1-0031 P1-0385 I0-0033 N1-0111 Spain - Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad FPA2017-85114-P FPA2017-85197-P Spain - Xunta de Galicia ED431C2017/07 Junta de Andalucia SOMM17/6104/UGR Spain - Feder Funds Spain - RENATA Red Nacional Tematica de Astroparticulas FPA2015-68783-REDT Spain - Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence MDM-2016-0692 United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 National Science Foundation (NSF) 0450696 USA - Grainger Foundation Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLAN-ET European Particle Physics Latin American Network UNESCO MSMTCRLTT18004 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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