TERRORIST ATTACKS ON SPORTS FACILITIES FROM THE 1970’s UNTIL 2017: FROM SELECTIVE TO MASS DESTRUCTION

Autor: Leško, Luka
Jazyk: chorvatština
Rok vydání: 2018
Předmět:
Zdroj: Polemos : časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja rata i mira
Volume XXI
Issue 42
ISSN: 1331-5595
Popis: Mečevi, masovna okupljanja, velika koncentracija emocija i postizanje publiciteta bez velikog troška čine sportske objekte pogodnim mekim metama terorističkih napada. Nakon terorističkih napada na sportskim događajima krajem 20. stoljeća i terorističkih napada 11. rujna 2001., sigurnost, uključujući protuterorističke strategije, postala je iznimno važna u pripremi velikih sportskih događaja. Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi prevalenciju terorističkih napada na sportske objekte od 1970. do kraja 2017., te potom provesti komparativnu analizu terorističkih napada počinjenih od 1970. do kraja 1999. i napada počinjenih od 2000. do kraja 2017. godine. Za prikupljanje podataka korištena je Global Terrorism Database. Od 1970. do kraja 2017. godine 61 teroristička organizacija/grupa je izvršila 234 teroristička napada na sportske objekte. Ljudskim žrtvama rezultiralo je 61,96% napada. Ukupno je 556 osoba ubijeno, a 2490 ozlijeđeno. U razdoblju od 1970. do 1999. izvedena su 72 napada i u tom razdoblju su u napadima ozlijeđene ili ubijene 262 osobe, dok su od 2000. do 2017. izvedena 162 teroristička napada na sportske objekte, a u napadima je ubijeno ili ozlijeđeno 2786 osoba. Terorizam na sportskim objektima je prije bio selektivniji, a danas mu je najčešći cilj masovno ubijanje civila u svrhu širenja kolektivnog straha. Otkako je unazad desetak godina povećan budžet za osiguranje velikih sportskih događaja, podaci ukazuju na manji broj napada, odnosno učinkovitost u prevenciji terorističkih napada na najvećim sportskim događajima, što je kao posljedicu donijelo promjenu meta napada: mete su manje eksponirani, ali također masovni sportski događaji, posebno u bliskoistočnim zemljama. Broj takvih napada je zabrinjavajući. Usprkos brojnim napadima, terorizam nije uspio značajno omesti održavanje sportskih natjecanja sve do danas. Osim protuterorističkih studija i strategija u kontekstu terorističkih napada na sportske objekte, preporučuju se i analize utjecaja sigurnosnih strategija na građanske slobode tijekom održavanja sportskih događaja.
Match dates known in advance, mass gatherings, high concentration of emotions and publicity at little cost, mark sports facilities as suitable soft targets of terrorist attacks. After attacks on sporting events at the end of the 20th century and on 9/11, security, including counterterrorism strategies, has become one of the most important parts of major sporting events. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of terrorist attacks on sports facilities from 1970 to the end of 2017, and comparative analysis of two periods, from 1970 to the end of 1999, and from 2000 to the end of 2017. The Global Terrorism Database was used for data collection. Between 1970 and the end of 2017, 234 terrorist attacks on sports facilities (carried out by 61 different terrorist organizations/groups) were reported, during which 556 people were killed and 2490 injured. Nearly two-thirds of attacks resulted in human casualties, almost a half of them with a mortal outcome. More than double number of attacks was carried out in 2000s, with 10 times larger number of human victims, compared to the period from 1970 to 1999. Before, terrorism on sports facilities has been more selective, while today’s targets are commonly mass murders of civilians, for the purpose of expanding collective fear. Since the budget for mega sport events has risen in the last decade, the data point to less number of attacks, and the effectiveness in the prevention of terrorist attacks on major sporting events, consequently resulted in a change of targets to less exposed but also crowded sport events, especially in the Middle East countries. Such attacks are of a worrying number. Despite the numerous reported attacks, terrorism has not been able to significantly disturb the maintenance of sporting events until nowadays. Apart from counterterrorism studies and strategies in the context of terrorist attacks on sports facilities, analysis of the impact of security strategies on civil liberties during sporting events are recommended.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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