Analysis of the incidence of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne meningoencephalitis in Zagreb

Autor: Jakac, Mateo
Přispěvatelé: Tešić, Vanja, Bilajac, Lovorka, Vasiljev, Vanja
Jazyk: chorvatština
Rok vydání: 2021
Předmět:
Popis: Lyme borelioza i krpeljni meningoencefalitis su prirodno žarišne infekcije čiji je zajednički vektor no ujedno i rezervoar bolesti krpelj šikare ili tvrdi krpelj Ixodes ricinus. Lyme borelioza je sistemna bolest također poznata pod nazivom lajmska bolest čiji je uzročnik patogena spiroheta Borrelia burgdorferi, a karakterizira ju promjena na koži odnosno erythema chronicum migrans uz pojavu općih simptoma te kod težih slučajeva moguću pojavu neuroloških komplikacija. Krpeljni meningoencefalitis je virusna bolest uzrokovana RNA virusom iz roda Flavivirus te se ubraja u arbovirusne infekcije do kojih dolazi isključivo u prirodnim žarištima. Postoje tri podtipa virusa prema zemljopisnoj rasprostranjenosti, krpeljnom vektoru, patogenosti za ljude te po kliničkom očitovanju infekcije, a najznačajniji podtip virusa u Europi je europski tip virusa koji se očituje simptomima disfunkcije središnjeg živčanog sustava. Zbog zajedničkog vektora bolesti, odnosno krpelja Ixodes ricinus, postoji mogućnost koinfekcije sa oba uzročnika bolesti što predstavlja klinički i epidemiološki problem zbog različitih terapija liječenja te u konačnici može rezultirati dužim periodom oporavka, a u nekim slučajevima i smrću. Zato se u smislu prevencije kod obje bolesti preporuča prilikom odlaska u endemska područja bolesti koristiti adekvatnu odjeću i obuću te po potrebi impregnirati odjeću repelentima. Cjepivo za Lyme boreliozu ne postoji, dok se za krpeljni meningoencefalitis preporuča cijepljenje osobama koje pripadaju rizičnim skupinama, koje profesionalno odlaze u šume te osobama koje stanuju u endemskim žarištima krpelja Ixodes ricinus. Na području Grada Zagreba u razdoblju od 2014. do 2018. godine ukupno je bilo prijavljeno 824 osobe oboljele od Lyme borelioze, dok je od krpeljnog meningoencefalitisa u istom razdoblju oboljelo 2 osobe. Utvrđeno je da od Lyme borelioze češće obolijevaju ženske osobe s udjelom od 56,7%, a muške osobe s udjelom od 43,3%. Od krpeljnog meningoencefalitisa u 2014. godini zabilježena je jedna prijava oboljenja u osobe muškog spola te u 2015. godini jedna prijava oboljenja osobe ženskog spola. Analiza po dobnim skupinama pokazuje najveći broj oboljelih od Lyme borelioze u osoba iznad 60 godina, dok od krpeljnog meningoencefalitisa oboljela je jedna osoba u dobnoj skupini od 5 do 8 godina starosti, a druga osoba od 30 do 39 godina starosti. Analiza prema datumu prijave pokazuje da je najveći broj prijava oboljelih u 5. i 6. mjesecu, a najmanji broj prijava oboljelih u 12. i 1. mjesecu. Uspoređujući broj oboljelih od Lyme borelioze u razdoblju od 2014. do 2018. godine između Grada Zagreba i Republike Hrvatske utvrđeno je da najveći broj oboljelih u Republici Hrvatskoj bio u 2018. godini sa ukupno 820 prijava od čega 292 slučaja otpada na Grad Zagreb što čini 35,4% od ukupnog broja prijava. Krpeljni meningoencefalitis se u razdoblju od 2014. do 2018. godine za razliku od Lyme borelioze u puno manje slučajeva pojavljuje na području Grada Zagreba gdje je ukupno prijavljeno 2 oboljele osobe, ali i u Republici Hrvatskoj gdje je ukupno prijavljeno 88 osoba.
Lyme boreliosis and tick-borne meningoencephalitis are a natural focal infections whose common vector is hard tick Ixodes ricinus but is also a main reservoir of the disease. Lyme boreliosis is a systemic disease also known as lyme disease, which is caused by the pathogen od the Borrelia burgdorferi, and is also characterized by skin changes and erythema chronicum migrans with general symptoms but in more severe cases it is possible to develop neurological complications. Tick-borne meningoencefalitis is a viral disease caused by RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus and is counted in arbovirus infections that occur exclusively in natural hotspots. There are three subtypes of the virus according to geographical distribution, tick vector, phatogenicity for humans and by clinical manifestation of infection, and the most significant subtype of the virus in Europe is the European type of virus who is manifested by symptoms of central nervous system dysfunction. Due to common vector of the disease, i.e. the tick Ixodes ricinus, there is a possibility of co-infection with both agents of the disease, which is a clinical and epidemiological problem due to various treatment therapies and may ultimatly result in a longer recovery period and in some cases death. Therefore, in terms of prevention for both diseases it is recommended to use adequate clothing and footwear when going to endemic areas of the disease and also impregnate clothing with repellents if is necessary. The vaccine for Lyme boreliosis does not exist, while for tick-borne meningoencephalitis is recommended to be vaccinated for people who are belonging to risk groups, who go professionally into the forests and people who are living in endemic hotspots of ticks Ixodes ricinus. In the area of the City of Zagreb in the period between 2014. and 2018. there were reported 824 people suffered from Lyme boreliosis, while 2 people where suffered from tick-borne meningoencephalitis in the same period. It is determined that from Lyme boreliosis is more likely to be sickened by woman with a share of 56,7% and males with a share of 43,3%. In year of 2014. there was reported one male person suffered from tick-borne meningoencephalitis and in year of 2015. was reported one female suffered from the same disease. Age-related analysis shows the highest number of Lyme boreliosis patients in people over 60 years of age, while tick-borne meningoencephalitis is one person in the 5 to 8 year old age group and the other person from 30 to 39 years of age. Analysis by application date shows that the highest number of reports are in months of May and June and the lowest number of reports are in months of December and January. Comparing the number of Lyme boreliosis patients in period from year of 2014. to 2018. between the City of Zagreb and Republic of Croatia it was determined that the highest number of patients was in year of 2018. were has been reported 820 cases in Republic of Croatia of which 292 cases were reported in the City of Zagreb which is 35,4% of the total number of applications. For tick-borne meningoencephalitis in period from year of 2014. to 2018. were much less reported cases in the City of Zagreb who is counting 2 infected people and Republic of Croatia who is counting 88 people.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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