| Popis: |
The focus on internal and external values of sport was brought into the philosophy of sport by W. J. Morgan in 1987. He applied A. MacIntyre’s concept (1985) to sports, putting an emphasis on internal values as essential. By doing that, he has changed the course of the discipline and started a new approach towards (understanding of) sports which will end up in the construction of ‘broad internalism’ (Russell, 1999 ; Simon, 2000 ; Dixon, 2003) - a leading normative ethical theory in the literature up to this day. On the other hand, external values were perceived as negative or instrumental (Morgan, 1987 ; McNamee, 2002, 2008) and the research on them was completely neglected. With this paper, I intend to correct that and put more emphasis on external values such as inclusion, tolerance and sensibility. Finally, I will use the framework of values of sport to discuss the several transgender athlete’s cases in female categories in sports. Method: The research was conducted by the application of the critical analysis method and a critical review method. Results and discussion: The internalist view of sports is dominant in the philosophy and ethics of sport. According to it, the core or essential values of every sport can be rationally identified and extracted. Moreover, they can serve as a norm or principle for moral behavior in sports. However, certain ongoing cases in sports, especially and specifically about the transgender athletes in female categories in sports, brought to light different external values of sport as central – inclusion, tolerance and sensibility, more than any others. Conclusion: Firstly, sports philosophers should pay more attention to discussing the external values of sport. Secondly, they should specifically and more closely consider them when making conclusions about transgender athletes such as Laurel Hubbard and Lia Thomas. In the recent period, two dominant views were established: a) of inclusion (Karkazis, Pielke) and b) of necessary exclusion (Pike, Imbrišević) of transgender athletes in/from sports. Finally, quite different from the context of general society, it seems that internal values should play a more important if not crucial role in the decision-making process in sports, not external ones. |
