| Popis: |
In the context of energy transition from the fossil-fuel based energy systems to ones based on variable renewable energy, aiming for net-zero greenhouse gas emissions from energy system, synergies between sectors of energy generation and consumption are necessary. One of the significant synergies is the one between power generation sector and electrified road transport sector. When charging the batteries of numerous electric vehicles, a significant new, distributed consumer appears in the energy system. However, such a consumer also provides the opportunity to introduce demand response technologies and technologies that can provide system balancing in the systems with the high share of variable renewable energy. In this research, different dynamic scenarios of the rate of integration of technologies such as dump charge of electric vehicles, smart charge of electric vehicles and vehicle to grid concept are investigated. The energy system of Croatia is modelled in the year 2018, as a reference, and in future years: 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2045 and 2050 for the future scenarios. Future scenarios are based on the Strategy of development of the energy system until 2030 with a view towards 2050 of the Republic of Croatia (business as usual) and, alternatively, on the newly proposed scenarios that are dependant on the prioritization of integration of electrified transport with different dynamics. The EnergyPLAN software was used to simulate the energy system configuration in each of the years. Future scenarios for the system’s configuration development have taken into account different learning curves of electric vehicles. The learning curves are relevant for technologies that can provide balancing of the system using electric vehicle’s batteries. Results show how the dynamics of the integration of electric vehicle batteries charging technologies change depending on the learning curves and cost projections, changing the cost-effectiveness of synergy between the sectors. Using the proposed method, achieving the decarbonized integrated energy system based on variable renewable energy can be done in the more cost-effective way and with higher energy efficiency along the way. |
