| Abstrakt: |
Mung bean (Vigna radiataL.) is highly vulnerable to charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, which threatens crop yield. Vanillic acid (VA), a natural phenolic compound, shows potential as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fungicides by enhancing plant resistance and growth. In this study, the antifungal efficacy and growth-promoting effects of vanillic acid on mung beans infected with M. phaseolinawas evaluated. In vitroassays were conducted to determine the antifungal activity of VA at different concentrations (0.003, 0.013, 0.040, and 0.070%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the effective concentration (EC50) were also assessed. In vivo, pot experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of VA on seed germination, plant growth, and biomass. Furthermore, gene expression analysis using q‑PCR was conducted to examine the upregulation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), an enzyme linked to plant defense mechanisms. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify key growth traits influenced by VA treatment. In vitrotests revealed complete inhibition of M. phaseolinamycelial growth at a VA concentration of 0.070%, with an EC50of 0.039% and an MIC of 0.055%. In vivo, VA significantly improved mung bean germination, growth, and biomass up to 2‑folds at concentrations ranging from 0.045 to 0.060%. Notably, plants treated with 0.055% VA exhibited higher PPO levels, indicating enhanced antioxidant defense. PCA further highlighted the effectiveness of VA treatments in promoting seed germination and plant growth. The results indicated that VA is an effective, environmentally sustainable antifungal agent that enhances mung bean resistance to M. phaseolinaand promotes overall plant health. VA could be a viable alternative to synthetic fungicides for managing charcoal rot in mung beans, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. |
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