| Abstrakt: |
TiO2is promising for the photocatalytic treatment of water contaminated with organic micropollutants. However, it is hard to recover TiO2slurry from water. Energy-intensive separation methods are required to recover TiO2, which is a setback in the effective use of TiO2in water treatment. Herein, we present nano-TiO2immobilized with polyvinylidene fluoride spongy beads (TP) viasimple phase inversion of the mixture of TiO2(1%), PVDF (13%) and PVP (0.7%) for the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a micropollutant in water, under UVA LED irradiation with easy TP recovery. The stable immobilization of TiO2with PVDF beads is attributed to interactions between Ti and F atoms. The pseudo first-order rate constant value (kobs= 0.0761 min−1) was determined for the degradation of CIP by TP. Radical scavenging, chronoamperometry, and ESR analysis revealed the presence of O2−, h+, HO and 1O2reactive species. LC-HRMS analysis detected ten degradation byproducts with possible degradation pathways. Importantly, the antibacterial activity of CIP against Bacillus subtilisand Escherichia coliwas totally removed after 60 min treatment. TP beads were easily recovered using a simple strainer. TP was recovered and reused 30 times, and the absence of significant TiO2leaching into water demonstrated its stable immobilization. TP photocatalysis under UVA LED irradiation proves an energy-efficient treatment method with an electrical energy per order of 24.20 kW h m−3. Overall, the study highlights a concrete way to effectively use the TiO2photocatalyst for water treatment viaimmobilization using a simple phase inversion method. |
