| Abstrakt: |
Green and sustainable methyl ester synthesis requires cheap and readily available bio-based feedstock. In this study, the catalytic potential of calcined-hybrid-banana-and-plantain peel ash- (CHBPPA) catalyst, a novel and highly efficient catalyst derived from hybrid waste peels of banana-and-plantain was investigated in papayaseed oil-(PSO) methanolysis for papayaseed oil methyl-ester-(PSOME) production. The bio-hybrid catalyst was categorized to ascertain its properties. Optimization of the PSO transesterification reaction was effected with the desirability explore function (DEF) of response surface methodology (RSM). The PSOME obtained at the optimum reaction conditions was categorized using ASTM D6751 standard methods, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS). A two-step transesterification process was suggested by the results, which showed slightly elevated acid and free fatty acid values of 5.3 mg KOH/g oil and 2.7%, respectively, of the extracted PSO which was circumvented to one-step transesterification process by using this extremely effective heterogeneous CHBPPA catalyst. At the optimal parameters of 60 ℃ temperature, 2.5 wt. % CHBPPA catalyst amount, 1 h reaction time, and a methanol-to-PSO molar ratio of 9:1, a 100% PSOME yield with a total desirability of 1.00 was achieved. The ascertained PSOME fuel properties complied with the relevant standard conditions (ASTM-D6751 and EN-14241) endorsed for fuel. This study confirms the feasibility of sustainable methyl ester synthesis from bio-waste sources, PSO, and CHBPPA catalyst as low-cost feedstock. |
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