| Autor: |
Brewer, Peter G., Peltzer, Edward T., Lage, Kathryn |
| Zdroj: |
Molecular Frontiers Journal; December 2023, Vol. 7 Issue: 1-2 p3-19, 17p |
| Abstrakt: |
We report on progress in observing the hydrogen-bonded structure of water and sea water by deep-ocean Raman spectroscopy. In the normal ocean, the abundance of single H2O species is less than 20%. The principal form is the tetrahedral pentamer, and the (H2O)n↔nH2O equilibrium plays a dominant role in controlling physicochemical processes and the speed of sound. The enthalpy of the H-bond in water is 2.624 kcal/mol, and in sea water 2.258 kcal/mol due to the quantity of non-HB water in the solvation shell of sea salt ions. The activation energy of viscous flow is 4.28 kcal/mol at one atmosphere pressure, consistent with the need to break hydrogen bonds and overcome the van der Waals intermolecular forces. The activation energy decreases exponentially with depth/pressure and is 10% less at 4,000 m depth. We suggest this is due to the pressure-induced shift in the water equilibrium to favor the less compressible quasi-planar pentamer, tetramer, and so on forms. We address the long-standing conclusion that microbial swimming by means of rotating flagella is only 1%–2% efficient. This neglects the need for microbes to overcome the activation energy of viscous flow; ∼95% of the mechanical energy produced by the flagella must be used to break H-bonds and overcome intermolecular forces. |
| Databáze: |
Supplemental Index |
| Externí odkaz: |
|
