| Autor: |
Zhang, Zhen, Bansal, Sheel, Chang, Kuang‐Yu, Fluet‐Chouinard, Etienne, Delwiche, Kyle, Goeckede, Mathias, Gustafson, Adrian, Knox, Sara, Leppänen, Antti, Liu, Licheng, Liu, Jinxun, Malhotra, Avni, Markkanen, Tiina, McNicol, Gavin, Melton, Joe R., Miller, Paul A., Peng, Changhui, Raivonen, Maarit, Riley, William J., Sonnentag, Oliver, Aalto, Tuula, Vargas, Rodrigo, Zhang, Wenxin, Zhu, Qing, Zhu, Qiuan, Zhuang, Qianlai, Windham‐Myers, Lisamarie, Jackson, Robert B., Poulter, Benjamin |
| Zdroj: |
Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences; November 2023, Vol. 128 Issue: 11 |
| Abstrakt: |
Process‐based land surface models are important tools for estimating global wetland methane (CH4) emissions and projecting their behavior across space and time. So far there are no performance assessments of model responses to drivers at multiple time scales. In this study, we apply wavelet analysis to identify the dominant time scales contributing to model uncertainty in the frequency domain. We evaluate seven wetland models at 23 eddy covariance tower sites. Our study first characterizes site‐level patterns of freshwater wetland CH4fluxes (FCH4) at different time scales. A Monte Carlo approach was developed to incorporate flux observation error to avoid misidentification of the time scales that dominate model error. Our results suggest that (a) significant model‐observation disagreements are mainly at multi‐day time scales (<15 days); (b) most of the models can capture the CH4variability at monthly and seasonal time scales (>32 days) for the boreal and Arctic tundra wetland sites but have significant bias in variability at seasonal time scales for temperate and tropical/subtropical sites; (c) model errors exhibit increasing power spectrum as time scale increases, indicating that biases at time scales <5 days could contribute to persistent systematic biases on longer time scales; and (d) differences in error pattern are related to model structure (e.g., proxy of CH4production). Our evaluation suggests the need to accurately replicate FCH4variability, especially at short time scales, in future wetland CH4model developments. Land surface models are useful tools to estimate and predict wetland methane (CH4) flux but there is no evaluation of modeled CH4flux error at different time scales. Here we use a statistical approach and observations from eddy covariance sites to evaluate the performance of seven wetland models for different wetland types. The results suggest models have captured CH4flux variability at monthly or seasonal time scales for boreal and Arctic tundra wetlands but failed to capture the observed seasonal variability for temperate and tropical/subtropical wetlands. The analysis suggests that improving modeled flux at short time scale is important for future model development. Significant model‐observation disagreements were found at multi‐day and weekly time scales (<15 days)Models captured variability at monthly and seasonal time (42–142 days) scales for boreal and Arctic tundra sites but not for temperate and tropical sitesThe model errors show that biases at multi‐day time scales may contribute to persistent systematic biases on longer time scales Significant model‐observation disagreements were found at multi‐day and weekly time scales (<15 days) Models captured variability at monthly and seasonal time (42–142 days) scales for boreal and Arctic tundra sites but not for temperate and tropical sites The model errors show that biases at multi‐day time scales may contribute to persistent systematic biases on longer time scales |
| Databáze: |
Supplemental Index |
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