| Abstrakt: |
Carbamazepine (CBZ) and diazepam (DZP) are often prescribed for the treatment of stress, muscle spasm, anxiety, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, convulsion, and epileptic conditions, but are prone to abuse, which contributes to their environmental fate. According to the European Medicines Agency methods, CBZ and DZP were found to pose environmental risk (RQ > 1) to surface waters. Yet, risk assessment reports carried out on CBZ and DZP exposures in water bodies did not include behavioural or other sub-lethal endpoints and these information are vital. In the last two decades, scientific research has focused on the development of techniques such as biological, chemical, physical, and electrochemical methods for the remediation of pharmaceutical drug-related pollution. Several of the technologies have been implemented on a field/industrial scale, while others remain as pilot studies to date. Existing remediation methods include; nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, chemical oxidation, bioremediation, phytoremediation, photolysis, catalytic photodegradation, and adsorption. Electrochemical remediation, mycoremediation, phycoremediation, green nanoremediation, biocatalytic remediation, and integrated approaches are still at the developmental phase, although they hold great potential. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasized the need for clean and safe water for the sustenance of the ecosystem. This review seeks to bridge information gaps and provide a holistic overview of toxicological reports, as well as existing and emerging techniques, suitable for remediation of these pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. |
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