| Abstrakt: |
Complex formation and endocytosis of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors play important roles in signaling. However, their inter-dependence remained unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that ALK1, a TGF-β type I receptor prevalent in endothelial cells, forms stable complexes at the cell surface with endoglin and with type III TGF-β receptors (TβRIII).We show that ALK1 undergoes clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) faster than ALK5, type II TGF-β receptor (TβRII), endoglin or TβRIII. These complexes regulate the endocytosis of the TGF-β receptors, with a major effect mediated by ALK1. Thus, ALK1 enhances the endocytosis of TβRIII and endoglin, while ALK5 and TβRII mildly enhance endoglin, but not TβRIII, internalization. Conversely, the slowly-endocytosed endoglin has no effect on the endocytosis of either ALK1, ALK5 or TβRII, while TβRIII has a differential effect, slowing down the internalization of ALK5 and TβRII, but not ALK1. Such effects may be relevant to signaling, as BMP9-mediated Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation is inhibited by CME blockade in endothelial cells. We propose a model that links TGF-β receptor oligomerization and endocytosis, based on which endocytosis signals are exposed/functional in specific receptor complexes. This has broad implications on signaling, implying that complex formation among various receptors regulates their surface levels and signaling intensities. |
