Phytophthoramethylomes are modulated by 6mA methyltransferases and associated with adaptive genome regions

Autor: Chen, Han, Shu, Haidong, Wang, Liyuan, Zhang, Fan, Li, Xi, Ochola, Sylvans, Mao, Fei, Ma, Hongyu, Ye, Wenwu, Gu, Tingting, Jiang, Lubin, Wu, Yufeng, Wang, Yuanchao, Kamoun, Sophien, Dong, Suomeng
Zdroj: Genome Biology; December 2018, Vol. 19 Issue: 1 p1-16, 16p
Abstrakt: Filamentous plant pathogen genomes often display a bipartite architecture with gene-sparse, repeat-rich compartments serving as a cradle for adaptive evolution. The extent to which this two-speed genome architecture is associated with genome-wide DNA modifications is unknown. We show that the oomycetes Phytophthora infestansand Phytophthora sojaepossess functional adenine N6-methylation (6mA) methyltransferases that modulate patterns of 6mA marks across the genome. In contrast, 5-methylcytosine could not be detected in these species. Methylated DNA IP sequencing (MeDIP-seq) of each species reveals 6mA is depleted around the transcription start sites (TSSs) and is associated with lowly expressed genes, particularly transposable elements. Genes occupying the gene-sparse regions have higher levels of 6mA in both genomes, possibly implicating the methylome in adaptive evolution. All six putative adenine methyltransferases from P. infestansand P. sojae, except PsDAMT2, display robust enzymatic activities. Surprisingly, single knockouts in P. sojaesignificantly reduce in vivo 6mA levels, indicating that the three enzymes are not fully redundant. MeDIP-seq of the psdamt3mutant reveals uneven 6mA methylation reduction across genes, suggesting that PsDAMT3 may have a preference for gene body methylation after the TSS. Furthermore, transposable elements such as DNA elements are more active in the psdamt3mutant. A large number of genes, particularly those from the adaptive genomic compartment, are differentially expressed. Our findings provide evidence that 6mA modification is potentially an epigenetic mark in Phytophthoragenomes, and complex patterns of 6mA methylation may be associated with adaptive evolution in these important plant pathogens.
Databáze: Supplemental Index
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