| Abstrakt: |
The biorefinery concept embraces a wide range of technologies able to separate biomass resources into their building blocks which can be converted to value added products, biofuels and chemicals. A biorefinery is a facility (or network of facilities) that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce transportation biofuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. During the last 50 years, heterogeneous catalysis has been playing a crucial role in the development of the petrochemical industry as it is known today. Many of the technologies designed in the petrochemical industry involve the utilization of a solid catalyst as an essential step, and this trend is expected to remain for many biorefinery operations. However, the catalytic approaches traditionally employed to convert petroleum into fuels and chemicals are not valid to process biomass, given the diametrically opposed chemical nature of both resources. While typical biomass feedstocks usually exhibit a high degree of oxygenatedgroups, petroleum feeds are largely unfunctionalized. These new processing challenges generated by the special composition of biomass will also have a decisive effect on catalyst design. With the same way approach, fuel cell is a device for transformation of the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction. Fuel cell is almost “zero” emissions and environmentally friendly device. The motivation for civil applications of fuel cell comes from the perception that oil reserves on Earth is limited, but people still want to continue doing business in post-petroleum vehicles which brings profits. Along with the robust development of nanotechnology, several generations of heterogeneous catalysts based on nanocarbon, especially graphene, have been developed to address applications in fuel cells. This review introduces a number of key ideas and key research directions, which are carried out by the author and her research team, without the purpose of introducing all research directions related to biorefinery and new energy production in Vietnam. |
Plný text