| Abstrakt: |
The effect of the mono-oxygenase inhibitors tridiphane, piperonyl butoxide and prochloraz on propanil uptake, metabolism and phytotoxicity was measured in a resistant (R) biotype of Echinochloa colona. The uptake of propanil was not significantly affected by any of the three mono-oxygenase inhibitors. The first metabolite of propanil metabolism, 3,4-dichloroaniline, was found to accumulate to higher levels in E. colona treated with each of the mono-oxygenase inhibitors mixed with formulated propanil, compared to propanil applied alone. Accumulation of further metabolites of propanil (glucosyl-3,4-dichloroaniline and bound products) was reduced in the presence of mono-oxygenase inhibitors, compared with propanil application alone. Leaf damage caused by a single drop of propanil compared to propanil+mono-oxygenase inhibitor was used to assess the degree of propanil tolerance in E. colona biotypes. Leaf damage was significantly greater in propanil+mono-oxygenase inhibitor treatments. No leaf damage was observed in mono-oxygenase inhibitor treatments alone at the concentrations used. Peroxidase activity was measured in crude extracts of the R-biotype of E. colona using 3,4-dichloroaniline as substrate, in the presence and absence of mono-oxygenase inhibitors and the specific peroxidase inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid. Peroxidase activity was inhibited by all three mono-oxygenase inhibitors at 10 μM and by salicylhydroxamic acid at 1 μM. Glucosyl-3,4-dichloroaniline was found not to be a substrate for peroxidase activity. These results suggest that the incorporation of 3,4-dichloroaniline into bound residues involves peroxidase activity which can be inhibited by mono-oxygenase inhibitors. When peroxidase activity is inhibited, the precursor metabolite 3,4-dichloroaniline accumulates, and propanil resistance in E. colona is reduced, possibly as a consequence of phytotoxicity of this metabolite and/or product inhibition of the first step in propanil metabolism, responsible for the formation of 3,4-dichloroaniline. Glasshouse trials have demonstrated that the application of mono-oxygenase inhibitors, (particularly tridiphane which is also known to inhibit glutathione transferase activity) with propanil offers a promising approach to the control of propanil resistant biotypes of Jungle-Rice. © 1997 SCI. |
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