| Abstrakt: |
The article retraces the trajectories of awliyā Sufis and Islamic scholars (ulama), who were religious reformers, and how their reforms effected the Ghmara communities in the Rif Mountains (Bilād Ghumāra, or Ghmara country) of Morocco, from the 11th to the 17th centuries. The history of mountains in Maghreb, North Africa, based on a re-reading of local sources, the mountain's cultural and religious aspects, and the role of fuqahā' and Sufis scholar elites in the Islamization of mountain communities are discussed. |
