| Abstrakt: |
Objective: To evaluate safety and efficacy of intrathecal nalbuphine as an adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine in obstetric, urological, and lower orthopedic surgeries. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. Methods: The study included 60 patients (20-60 years-old) who were American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II and were scheduled for obstetric, urological, or lower orthopedic surgeries under spinal anesthesia. The patients were randomly allocted into three groups. All groups received 2.5 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine by intrathecal injection. In addition, group I received 0.5 ml of normal saline, group II received 0.2 mg of nalbuphine, and group III received 0.4 mg of nalbuphine. The primary outcomes were the effective analgesic time, the onset and duration of sensory and motor block. Secondary outcomes were the hemodynamic effects. Results: The patients in group II and III had significantly earlier onset of sensory and motor block, longer duration of analgesia, and higher level of maximum sensory block compared to patients in group I. Meanwhile, there was no reported hemodynamic instability. Conclusions: In spinal anesthesia, adding nalbuphine to bupivacaine had several benefits regarding the duration of analgesia, the onset of sensory and motor blocks and the sensory level, without significant adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
