| Abstrakt: |
Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, selflimited vasculitis of unknown etiology with peak incidence at 9-12 months of age. The term Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome (KDSS) was introduced in 2009 after reports of hemodynamic instability during the acute phase of the illness. Case Report: A 12 year-old boy was admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) with a 5-day history of high persistent fever, abdominal pain, vomiting and headaches. On examination, he looked ill, was tachycardic and hypotensive with delayed capillary refill, had non-exsudative oropharyngeal erythema, cracked lips, terminal nuchal rigidity, jaundice and small palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes. On day 3 a generalized morbiliform rash and diffuse swelling of the hands became apparent. Blood gas showed metabolic acidosis. He had decreased platelet count of 72,000/mm3, AST 122 U/l, ALT 192 U/l, LDH 366 U/L, triglycerides 207 mg/dl, total bilirubin 85,5 mol/l (direct 68,4). Renal function, urinalysis and fibrinogen were normal. ESR was 42 mm/h, CRP was markedly high (268 mg/l) and ferritin 544 ng/ml. Lumbar puncture revealed mild sterile pleocytosis. Due to progressive hemodynamic instability he required fluid resuscitation, inotropic drugs and mechanical ventilation. Broad-spectrum antibiotherapy was started due to suspected septic shock / streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. IVIG was empirically started 24h later due to non-response. Viral screening, all blood and urine cultures and ASO titers were negative. Myelogram revealed no signs of hemophagocytosis, neoplastic changes or growth of microorganisms in culture. Fine needle biopsy of a supraclavicular lymph node showed nonspecific inflammatory changes. Thoracoabdominal scan revealed moderate bilateral pleural effusion, mild hepatoesplenomegaly, retroperitoneal/mesenteric lym - phadenopathy. Brain MRI and echocardiogram were normal as well as ophtalmologic evaluation. In the presence of prolonged fevers, mucosal changes, extremity edema and non-specific rash in a severely-ill adolescent with no response to broad spectrum antibiotics and negative cultures, the possibility of KD was raised. Due to ongoing fevers and inflammation after 36h of first IVIG, he received a second IVIG dose 2g/Kg, methylprednisolone IV pulses for 3 days and aspirin, with rapid clinical and laboratorial improvement. Within 24h the patient was off inoptropic support, 48h off mechanical ventilation and 3 days later he was discharged from the ICU. His general condition continued to improve gradually, with increased platelet counts, normalization of liver function and CRP. In this phase, skin desquamation (buttocks/perineal region) was noted. At follow-up, thoracoabdominal angioMRI and serial ecocardiograms were normal. He was weaned off corticosteroids and aspirin without recurrence of symptoms. Discussion/Conclusion: In this case, despite the atypical age and lack of some classical signs/symptoms, broad-spectrum antibiotic refractoriness and the described clinical presentation raised the hypothesis of KSSD. Diagnosis can be difficult, especially if shock occurs in incomplete forms of KD, but must be suspected early and treatment promptly started in order to ensure a good prognosis. Clinicians should be aware that thrombocytopenia and hepatitis are risk factors for refractory severe KD. MAS must always be excluded in cases of hemodinamic instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
