| Abstrakt: |
For many years, Metropolitan Jakarta has struggled with acute transport problems, particularly long commuting times during workdays. The government responded to this issue by providing various public transport facilities, including commuter trains (known as KRL), bus rapid transit (BRT), mass rapid transit (MRT), and light rail transit (LRT). Despite such efforts, the majority of commuters still rely on private vehicles such as cars and motorcycles. This makes transport policies based on travel demand management more effective and impactful than the traditional "predict and provide" strategy that focuses solely on expanding urban roadways. According to the Jabodetabek Transportation Master Plan (RITJ), the proposed fiscal-based policies include (i) the use of biofuel with standards higher than EURO IV, (ii) congestion charging in specific road segments, and (iii) increases in parking prices. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the policies in motivating private vehicles users to shift to public transport. A stated preference survey was conducted, and a binomial logit model and standard utility function were developed for analysis. Diagrams showing commuters' willingness to shift to public transport were then generated from the analysis. The result showed that commuters residing outside Jakarta had a higher probability of shifting and a greater willingness to pay than those living within the city. Firstly, commuters outside this city were willing to pay IDR 2,500 more for increased fuel prices. Secondly, when congestion charging was integrated, commuters outside Jakarta were willing to pay around IDR 30,000 compared to IDR 20,000 by those within the city. Thirdly, commuters outside the city were willing to pay additional parking fees exceeding IDR 2,000 per hour. Additionally, most private vehicles users would be willing to shift to public transport services when the three fiscalbased policies were used. The results showed that the policies could be effective when the characteristics of the users were considered before the adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
