| Abstrakt: |
Geomagnetic storms affect Earth in various severe ways, including damaging satellites, disrupting power grids, and inducing prompt penetration electric fields (PPEF) through Joule heating in the auroral region. They also cause disturbance dynamo electric fields (DDEF), generate or suppress equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs), and lead to other significant effects. The extreme geomagnetic storm on 10 May 2024, altered the dynamics of the ionosphere. The ionospheric response was investigated in this study. Our methodology utilized a combined data set, including GNSS receivers in the Latin American sector, and data from ionosondes in São Luis (SALU) and Cachoeira Paulista (CHPI). CHPI also features a Fabry‐Pérot interferometer (FPI) and an All‐Sky Imager (ASI). Super EPB was observed in the American sector. This structure drifted westward at a velocity of ∼140 m/s and had a large latitudinal extension, reaching about 36° geomagnetic latitude, this corresponds to an apex height of around 4,500 km. The depletion lasted for a long duration of 12 hr, from 22:30 to 10:30 UT. The geomagnetic storm caused a super fountain effect, propelling plasma from the equator to a distance of ∼35° latitude, and depositing high‐density plasma on the crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). Plain Language Summary: On 10 May 2024, an extreme geomagnetic storm significantly impacted the ionosphere over South America. Data from satellite receivers, ionosondes, and All‐Sky Imagers were combined to analyze the ionospheric changes during this event. A unique super equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) formed and persisted for 12 hr, extending across a latitudinal range (36° MLAT). The geomagnetic storm also generated a super fountain effect, causing poleward movement of the plasma crests to latitudes exceeding their typical positions (>20°). This study investigates the formation and dynamics of these ionospheric structures, along with the overall impact of extreme geomagnetic storms on the ionosphere. The direction of the storm‐induced electric field was identified as the key driver behind these ionospheric changes. Our findings emphasize the significant alterations that storms can impose on the ionosphere. Key Points: Formation of a long‐lasting super equatorial plasma bubble, propagating westwardDevelopment of an intensified nighttime super‐fountain effect, with the equatorial ionization anomaly crests expanding polewardOnset of a strong positive ionospheric storm, characterized by a significant increase in plasma density [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
