Is There an Association Between Cesarean Section Delivery with Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) or/and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A Cross-Sectional Study in Greek Population.

Autor:	Makri, Maria A., Chaniotis, Dimitrios, Vivilaki, Victoria G., Papageorgiou, Effie G.
Předmět:	RISK factors of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder CESAREAN section RISK assessment CROSS-sectional method RESEARCH funding DELIVERY (Obstetrics) VAGINA T-test (Statistics) ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder CHILD psychopathology QUESTIONNAIRES PROBABILITY theory AUTISM KRUSKAL-Wallis Test DISEASE prevalence DESCRIPTIVE statistics CHI-squared test MANN Whitney U Test INTELLECTUAL disabilities ODDS ratio GESTATIONAL age PSYCHOLOGY of mothers CHILD development SPECIAL education schools BIRTH weight PREGNANCY complications SPECIAL education ASPERGER'S syndrome SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors COMPARATIVE studies CONFIDENCE intervals DATA analysis software LEARNING disabilities COMORBIDITY LANGUAGE acquisition EDUCATIONAL attainment CHILDBIRTH NONPARAMETRIC statistics DISEASE risk factors CHILDREN
Zdroj:	Children; Nov2024, Vol. 11 Issue 11, p1386, 14p
Abstrakt:	Background/Objective: Learning difficulties (LDs) are lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders with multifactorial causes, including perinatal factors like mode of delivery. This study aims to explore whether cesarean section (CS) delivery is linked to the occurrence of specific learning disabilities (SLDs), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or their comorbidity. Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed via Google Forms to Greek mothers and parents of children with and without diagnoses, shared through school-related groups and various Greek pages focused on child development, special education, and learning difficulties. Conducted over eight months (October 2023–May 2024), this cross-sectional study involved 256 children, 137 with LDs diagnoses, and 119 controls. Results: In total, 59.9% of CS-born children had a diagnosis, compared to 40.1% of those born vaginally (X²(1) = 4.19, p = 0.045). CS delivery was associated with a 68% increased likelihood of LDs (OR = 1.68, 95% CI [1.02, 2.76]), with higher risks for ADHD (OR = 2.25, 95% CI [1.06, 4.79]) and comorbid SLD/ADHD diagnoses (OR = 2.75, 95% CI [1.17, 6.46]). Stratified analyses showed birthweight and gestational age as effect modifiers rather than confounders. Key postnatal risk factors identified were family history (OR = 4.65, 95% CI [2.41, 8.94]) and language acquisition difficulties (OR = 5.28, 95% CI [1.36, 20.47]). Conclusions: The findings suggest a possible association between CS and LDs, along with a novel link between CS and increased comorbidities. These results underscore the need for further research and provide valuable insights into how CS delivery may influence the risk of LDs, depending on the type of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Databáze:	Complementary Index
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