| Abstrakt: |
Simple Summary: From 2006 to 2014, 10 cases of urolithiasis in yaks (Bos grunniens) with calcium carbonate uroliths were confirmed in Switzerland. From six problem and four control farms, distributed within different regions in Switzerland, a total of 99 animals were examined. In addition, roughage, soil, and water samples were analyzed. This study revealed different Ca:P ratios, from 1.56 to 7.74:1, in the forages and mild hypercalcemia in the animals of the problem farms. In a univariate analysis of the problem versus control farms, about 20 other significant factors emerged. The multivariate analysis suggested that altitude, crude protein (CP), P, Mg, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid-resistant detergent fiber (ADF) in the diet were important factors. Based on analysis of the pedigree, there was no evidence of an obvious genetic background of urolithiasis. Urolithiasis in yaks in alpine Switzerland seems to be a husbandry risk. Calcium-rich forages play a crucial role in this multifactorial process. Background: Between 2006 and 2014, 10 cases of urolithiasis in yaks with calcium carbonate uroliths were confirmed in Switzerland, and at the same time, a sixfold calcium overhang in roughage in an affected farm was evident. The purpose of this study was the question of whether urolithiasis in yaks in the alpine regions of Switzerland poses a husbandry risk. The hypothesis was that elevated calcium levels in roughage led to hypercalcemia and, thus, the formation of calcium carbonate stones. Methods: Blood samples from 99 animals from 10 farms were examined (n = 6 problem farms; n = 4 control farms). Several metabolites were analyzed in the blood and urine. In addition, roughage, soil, and water samples were analyzed. The farms were distributed within different regions of Switzerland. Results: This study revealed different Ca:P ratios, from 1.56 to 7.74:1, in the forages and mild hypercalcemia in the animals of the problem farms. In a univariate analysis of the problem versus control farms, about 20 other significant factors emerged. Multivariate analysis showed that altitude, CP (crude protein), P, Mg, NDF, and ADF in the diet are important factors. Based on analysis of the pedigree, there was no evidence of an obvious genetic background of urolithiasis. Limitations: A limitation of this study is the small number of yaks in Switzerland. Conclusions: The question of whether urolithiasis in yaks in alpine Switzerland poses a husbandry risk can be answered affirmatively. Calcium-rich forages play a crucial role in this multifactorial process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
