| Abstrakt: |
Simple Summary: Quinoa is an Andean grain that has gained global popularity due to its nutritional properties. The production area has expanded outside its Andean origins and the crop is now produced worldwide. However, new emerging pests cause serious problems in the crop and limit its production. This review discusses the status of the pests of quinoa in the world and the agricultural strategies implemented in the framework of integrated pest management (IPM). The literature regarding sampling methodologies for pest monitoring, determining economic threshold levels, cultural practices, and chemical and biological control is summarized, and a critical perspective on establishing IPM in quinoa is given. Since ancestral times, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been cultivated in the Andean regions. Recently, this pseudocereal has received increasing international attention due to its beneficial properties, such as adaptation and resilience in the context of global change, and the nutritional value of the grains. As a result, its production areas have not only increased in the highlands of South America but have also expanded outside of its Andean origins, and the crop is currently produced worldwide. The key pests of quinoa in the Andean region are the gelechiid moths Eurysacca melanocampta and Eurysacca quinoae; in other parts of the world, new pest problems have recently been identified limiting quinoa production, including the gelechiid Scrobipalpa atripicella in North America and Europe and the agromyzid fly Amauromyza karli in North America. In this review, the status of quinoa pests in the world is presented, and different aspects of their integrated management are discussed, including sampling methodologies for pest monitoring, economic threshold levels, and various control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
