| Abstrakt: |
This research examines the impact of chemical pre-treatment on UTWP under a hot air oven. Acid and alkali pre-treatment methods have gained popularity as cost-effective means to enhance cellulose quality. These methods eliminate lignin, disrupt cellulose's crystal structure, and reduce its hardness. By pre-treatment with four types of acids (hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, and sulfuric) for the first group of samples and four types of alkaline (calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide) for the second group. UTWP was soaked and pretreated in a hot oven at 80°C for six hours. The first group was soaked in 100 ml of dilute acid, while the second group was soaked in a 5% alkaline solution. The weight loss of samples after pre-treatment was calculated. The mass loss of UTWP after pre-treatment varied with the type of acid and alkaline. It was varied in the following order: HCl (48%) > CH3COOH (37%) > H2SO4 (35%) > H3PO4 (33%). NaOH (70%) > KOH (55%) > NH4OH (35%) > Ca(OH)2 (25%). High mass loss was observed with alkaline compared to acids except Ca(OH)2 (25%). FTIR analysis showed enhancement of critical functional groups involved in the production of high-value materials, which are present in tea waste after pre-treatment, especially in samples that treated with HCl, H3PO4, CH3COOH, Ca(OH)2, include: Carboxyl groups (-COOH), a hydroxyl group (-OH), Ester functional groups (-COO-), Aldehydes (-CHO) and ketones (-C=O) and Unsaturated organic compounds contain double bonds (-C=C-) are crucial for the production of biodiesel and other products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
