| Abstrakt: |
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the fundamental impacts of excess air ratio (λ) on emissions and engine performance in spark-ignition engines. It examines pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen, unburned hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide under both lean and ultra-lean conditions. In this paper, mainly the most prominent, up to date, and effective technologies such as ignition strategy, injection strategy, fuel blending, pre-chamber addition, are included. In addition to the effect the excess air ratio has on emissions, engine performance and efficiency are reviewed. This is done through the analysis of the Indicated Mean Effective Pressure, Coefficient of Variation, Fuel Consumption and Indicated Thermal Efficiency. The topics discussed relate to the primary categories listed above, but they are not exclusive to them. The paper concludes with a summary of findings and offers recommendations for future research directions.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
